Is There a Philippine Public Administration - 1548 Words

In Onofre Corpuzs esssay on Is there a Philippine Public Administration, he negatively stated that there is a Philippine public administration by repeatedly stating, Its all very Filipino. He even stated that ...the existing public administration is faithfully Filipino.. I must agree with his statement because indeed, a Philippine public administration exists, I believe in terms of structure. I would like to quote Alex Brillantes, Jr. and Maricel Fernandez on their statement. Yes we have basic public administration structures and processes. We have an executive branch with the bureaucracy at its core. We have a Philippine legislature. We have a Philippine judiciary. We have Philippine electoral processes and procedures. We have†¦show more content†¦In terms of politics, it was only the pueblo elites, as what Corpuz calls them, who had the opportunity to grab hold of positions such as gobernadorcillos. This reflected the traditional public administration that was present during the Spanish era. But they were just mere symbols of the friars during that time, leading them to another kind of politics in fiesta. Local principlias contested each other for personal glory by being the hermano mayor. Such post was only limited to the pueblo elites and only cared for their personal gains and not for the general welfare of the people. Corpuz stated that this pueblo elites became the basis of Philippine politics into the American colonial period. I must disagree with him in that in some parts. Why? Because such system was not only adapted during the American period because such practices are translated into the Philippine public administration itself. It may be seen that majority of the people who actually participate every election are those who belong to the upper strata of the society. Their economic wealth gives them a political leverage. Theres nothing wrong with this, unless they use their money and connections to advance their self interest in ways deemed unfair for the other parties. University of the Philippines economist Raul Fabella, commenting on theShow MoreRelatedIs There a Philippine Public Administration?1219 Words   |  5 PagesIs there a Philippine Public Administration? The author did not deny the fact that there is a Philippine Public Administration. He, instead, described what kind of Public Administration the Philippines had. It was stated that the public administration of a country is shaped by three major institutions: education, politics and government. The author describes education in the Philippines as poor especially in the areas of science,and History. I have seen so many interviews by fellow Filipinos andRead MoreRamos Administration : The Philippines Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesRamos Administration   Ã‚  Ã‚   During the Aquino Administration, the Philippines experienced economic growth but also encountered many economic difficulties due to of the lack of foreign investors and coup attempts. In the 1992 elections, Defense Secretary Fidel Ramos, who was endorsed by Aquino, won the presidency with only 23.6 percent of the votes in a seven-way race. Even though Ramos assumed presidency, analysts still viewed the Philippines as a risky investment based off the fact that the per capitaRead MoreThe Philippine Administrative System1709 Words   |  7 PagesThe Philippine Administrative System When talking about Philippine Administrative System, first thing that comes to mind is about the government and its political divisions in the country. It is about the nations’s political hierarchy such as the central government, provinces, municipalities and barangay. However, these divisions and subdivisions can be attributed to our past history. It is not a plant that simply blooms from nowhere. The Philippine Administrative System is dynamic, shaped and evolvedRead MoreBureaucracy in the Philippines - Book Review1611 Words   |  7 PagesBook Review The Bureaucracy in the Philippines Dr. Onofre D. Corpuz ------------------------------------------------- Institute of Public Administration: University of the Philippines, 1957. 268 pp. This book is about the administrative history of the bureaucracy in the Philippines. It spans from the 1560’s when Spain undertook to administer the affairs of the natives of the archipelago to the 1950’s when the Filipinos assumed the responsibility of self-government. The author presented the significantRead MoreGood Storms Coming : Relevance And Implications Of The Philippine War Against Illegal Drugs Essay1484 Words   |  6 PagesRelevance and Implications of the Philippine War against Illegal Drugs of the Duterte Administration Duterte s policy is counterproductive and doing the opposite: it is slaughtering people, it is making the retail (drug) market violent—as a result of state actions, extrajudicial killings and vigilante killings. – Vanda Felbab-Brown, urban violence and internal conflict expert at Brookings Institution Perhaps, Felbab-Brown pointed out something striking from the Philippine president s strategy of confrontingRead MoreEconomic Problem in the Philippines1582 Words   |  7 Pages10 Economic Problems of the Philippines 1. Over-dependence on Global Economy The growth of the Philippines economy drastically slowed to just 3.6% in the first three quarters of 2011, which is significantly less than the 7%-8% growth targeted by administrations Philippine Development Plan (PDP). Though the slowdown may have been due to the ongoing global crisis, it was markedly slower in comparison to other South-East Asian neighbors. Economic performance figures indicated a contractionRead MoreThe Philippines Under Spanish Rule1255 Words   |  6 PagesThe Philippines Under Spanish Rule (1600s – 1800s) Political Changes As a crown colony, the Philippines was administered by the Council of the Indies. Even so, the Spanish officials in the Philippines were appointed by the King of Spain, who issued Royal orders and decrees dealing with the proper administration of the colony. In 1863, the Philippines, as a colony, was placed under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Colonies or Overseas Ministry (Ministerio de Ultramar). In order toRead MoreThe Philippine News Media Essay939 Words   |  4 PagesThe Philippine news media today is at a state where they seem to be more and more fearless on their commentary and more vigilant in their society. Significant events, like the infamous Maguindanao massacre, where 57 people, including 34 journalists have been slain, and the recently concluded 2010 Philippine elections, where our nation opened another chapter as we inaugurated our 15th President in Benigno Simeon C. Aquino III, the Filipino people has grown immense awareness in the status of our countryRea d MoreThe Political Environment of the Philippines1001 Words   |  5 PagesThe Political Environment of the Philippines Historical Facts: The Philippines overcame many obstacles in history that reshaped the political environment of modern times. The Philippine islands have a strong Spanish influence. Records in history date back to 1521 where Ferdinand Magellan colonized the islands in the name of Charles I of Spain. The Spanish objectives focused Philippine society toward the spread of Christianity, colonization in the name of Spain, and acquiring key positionsRead Morereaction paper on pork barrel scam1582 Words   |  7 Pages is a political scandal involving the alleged misuse by several members of the Congress of the Philippines of their Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF, popularly called pork barrel), a lump-sum discretionary fund granted to each member of Congress for spending on priority development projects of the Philippine government, mostly on the local level. The scam was first exposed in the Philippine Daily Inquirer on July 12, 2013, with the six-part exposà © of the Inquirer on the scam pointing

Shakespeare Greatest Playwright of All Free Essays

William Shakespeare: Greatest Playwright of All William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was a British poet and playwright, he was well known as the greatest writer of all time, he was often called the â€Å"Bard of Avon†. Although many facts of his life remain unknown, his poems and plays are unique and have timeless theme that touch everyone’s heart, and are still widely studied and performed in today’s society. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, England enjoyed a time of prosperity and stability that led to a new era for England. We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeare Greatest Playwright of All or any similar topic only for you Order Now Shakespeare’s works epitomize arts of the Elizabethan Epoch; through his uses of beautiful and poetic language, iambic pentameter is nearly always used in his style of poetry. Shakespeare wrote about timeless themes about the human nature surrounded themes of true love, revenge, power-lust, ambition, anger, war, etc, they are not only appealed to the people of Elizabethan England, but also provide a reference for life in his time for us to view the contemporary society. Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon Avon in Warwickshire and was baptized on April 26, 1564. His father was a wool merchant and his mother was the daughter of a landowner. The next documented event was his marriage when he was 18 years old to Anne Hathaway who was 26 years old at that time, and they had three children. There was another gap where some scholars referred to as â€Å"the lost years†, then he was working in a theatre in London in 1592. Shakespeare wrote his very first play, Henry VI, Part One in 1589-90, and in  1590-91, Shakespeare wrote Henry VI, Part Two and Henry VI, Part III. Shakespeare’s poetry appeared before his plays, his narrative poems Venus and Adonis as his first ever publication in 1593. Then Shakespeare wrote plays began to be noticed by the public, and sooner became popular. During the Renaissance in Europe there was a great innovation of science; the Church had lost some of the corruptive power that once held over Europe, and people were again free to look back upon the pagan scholars and writers of Greece and Rome. Plays by playwrights such as Euripides, Plautus, and Seneca which were once banned by the Church were once again being read and performed. Likewise, the cultural stories of the people were once again being told in public, and playwrights, including Shakespeare, were widely performed. An good example would be Midsummer Night’s Dream, Shakespeare used ancient Celtic and Greek mythological figures such as Puck, Oberon, Theseus and placed them in a different time and place, but with their original characteristics. Other plays, such as Romeo and Juliet make references to popular mythological figures like Queen Mab to make the story fit better into their world. Since people of all classes attended plays, playwrights needed to use stories, characters and words that would appeal to everyone. England in the time before the reign of Elizabeth I was under a state of religious turmoil. When Elizabeth I ascended to the throne, she banned the performances all religious plays and stories (except in Church) to help stop the violence over religion. Popular plays were   not longer be performed, and playwrights were now free to concentrate on secular stories. They still contained some elements of religion, as did everyday life in Elizabethan England, but it was not the primary focus, nor did it play a particularly important part of the story. Conventions from Medieval religious theatre found its way into Elizabethan Theatre, however, and Shakespeare made good use of them during their performances, such as using the trap door for the gravediggers’ scene in Hamlet. The Hellmouth and trapdoor, which had been a staple of Medieval Theatres continued to be used, and were built into the permanent theatre structures used in the performances of Elizabethan plays. Shakespeare’s histories, such as Henry V, were a tribute to the Monarch and to the country. Many playwrights and other artists paid homage to their patrons, including Shakespeare. By writing about the glories of England and her former rulers he was paying homage to Queen Elizabeth and England. Since the arts were kept alive by patrons, it was best not to anger one and lose your support. Shakespeare sometimes, such as in Hamlet, criticized the Monarchy, but in a way that would not be obvious or outwardly treasonous. He spoke his mind, but also paid lip service to keep money coming from his patron. Shakespeare was a very prolific writer, because his writings are not totally original. He had help with many of his plays from other writers and actors, such as Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593), resulted people doubting that he himself wrote his plays. King Lear is based on a Celtic myth, and Hamlet is a retelling of earlier versions of the same story. Elizabethan plays use stock-type characters like those found in Comedia Del’Arte and Roman plays, and actors would specialize in specific types of roles. The English Renaissance Theatre played a significant part of Elizabethan theatre and Shakespeare’s playwright career. The theatre has a proscenium-arch stage, and seatings on hree tiers (stalls, circle and balcony). Shakespeare first worked for Lord Strange’s Men in The Rose, it is London’s most historic Elizabethan Theatre on Bankside and a home to many of Shakespeare’s and Marlowe’s first production. When the Globe was built, He worked for the Lord Chamberlain’s Men, and was also part owner of the Globe itself. People in Elizabethan England were very concerned with the humour, which was a form of medicine and psychology. Shakespeare makes references to them all over in his plays. Hamlet is portrayed as being to Melancholic, with his humours out of balance, and one was dominant over the others. This is not psychology as we know it today, and was why the people from Elizabethan Era believed people were the way they were. Shakespeare used this belief to make his characters not only believable, but also understandable to his audience. Shakespeare’s works are the greatest representation of art from Elizabethan England politically, economically, and socially. No other art form, including painting, could provide so much information about life in Elizabethan England, we can see the ideas, thoughts, languages, customs, etc throughout his plays. Shakespeare wrote 154 sonnets and 37 plays in total, including tragedy, comedy, and history. The Four Great Tragedies were his greatest achievement as a playwright, and are greatly studied in English literature, performed in theatre, and made into several films; include Romeo and Juliet (1594), the timeless tale of young lovers whose names were synonymous with star-crossed romance; Hamlet (1600), the revenge drama centering on the introspective Prince of Denmark; Othello (1604), a story of gallant soldier and loving husband was undone by jealousy ; and Macbeth (1605), known as â€Å"The Scottish Play†, concerning a nobleman’s overweening ambition. These plays focused on powerful central characters with outstanding personal qualities, and the antagonists were their own strengths,   their family, and the society, which would not allow then to get what they wanted. For example, Romeo and Juliet sought for true love, but they were forbidden to love each other because their families were  mortal enemies, and the story ended tragically where Romeo drugged himself and Juliet stabbed herself with a dagger. Audience of all times are   appalled at this paradox and at the inexorability of his characters’ fate in which because part of our human nature and the cruelty of our society, we don’t always get what we desired deeply. Other tragedies include Julius Caesar (1599), King Lear (1604), Timon of Athens (1607), etc. Comedies include  Merchant of Venice (1596),  Midsummer Night’s Dream 1595),  Twelfth Night (1599),  Two Gentlemen of Verona (1594), etc. History includes  Henry IV, Part I (1597),  Henry IV, Part II (1597),  Henry V (1598),  Henry VI, Part I (1591),  Henry VI, Part II (1590),  Henry VI, Part III (1590),  Henry VIII (1612),  Richard II (1595),  Richard III (1592), King John, etc. Iambic pentameter is meter that Shakespeare nearly used when writing in verse. The reason why Shakespeare’s works are always extraordinary is because most of his plays were written in iambic pentameter, except for lower-class characters who speak in prose. Iambic Pentameter has ten syllables in each line, five pairs of alternating unstressed and stressed syllables. Some examples of Shakespearean Iambic Pentameter is â€Å"Two households, both alike in dignity. â€Å", â€Å"In fair Verona, where we lay our scene. â€Å", â€Å"But, soft! what light through yonder window breaks? â€Å", etc. Shakespeare’s influence continued to impact the society today, his  plays are being performed constantly throughout the world. Every day, one of his plays is being performed somewhere, and probably more than one place. More than 410 feature-length film and TV versions of Shakespeare’s plays or adaption, have been produced, making Shakespeare the most filmed author ever in any language, including Romeo and Juliet (1968), Romeo+Juliet (1996), West Side Story (1961), Gnomeo and Juliet (2011), Othello (1965), Othello (1995), Macbeth (1948), The Tragedy of Macbeth (1971), etc. Some films used Shakespeare as a character, such as  Shakespeare in Love (1998) is a fictional love story about Shakespeare’s romance with a noblewoman, at the time of writing Romeo and Juliet. Many universities offer courses on Shakespeare, such as Shakespeare Studies MA from University of Birmingham, Shakespeare special subject courses from University of Cambridge, Shakespeare and Films from University of Notre Dame, Shakespeare Studies from Boston College, etc. How to cite Shakespeare Greatest Playwright of All, Essay examples

Essay on Corporate Governance

Question: Write an essay on Corporate Governance? Answer: Introduction FRIEDMAN states Corporate Governance is to conduct the business in accordance with the owners or shareholders desires, which generally will be to make as much money as possible while conforming to the basic rules of society embodied in the law and local customs Fernando (2009, p.9). The concept of corporate governance academically is perceived to be the problems which occur after separating ownership from control, from this perspective is the focus of internal structures of the board and the rules for disclosure of information to the shareholders and creditors, also the control of the management. Fernando (2009, p.9) Corporate governance is the pre-requisites for sustainability of a companys survival as also growth Prasad (2011). Corporate governance purpose is to involve the promotion of efficiency with in the capital markets but also demands the importance of the firms capabilities with the stakeholders to have a healthy and stable ambiance on a long term basis. The corporate governance should also improve the board of the directors control in regards to the corporate affairs. The principle of the corporate governance is that the companies should be fair and it policies are transparent to all stakeholders when disclosing the facts and safeguarding the shareholders values. This should also show the accountability of the board to the equity holders/stakeholders. There should be a system of checks and balances which prevents the miss use of power through a timely and corrective action (Prasad, 2011). The arrival of governance codes in 1992, the Cadbury Report was based upon what is considered to be good practice and known to be of a great use for the non executive independent director and the initialization of a separate audit committee with independent members. Critics of the Cadbury Report 1992 argued that this emphasis of for the directors would provide an influence and control for the two tier supervisory board. Also it lacked the legal enforceable sanctions instead of a just delisting the defaulters on the board . In comparison, USA, the companies follow the states law in which they are incorporated. Hilt (2014.p 2). Corporate governance comprehensively alludes to the processes, mechanisms and relations through which organizations are directed and controlled. The governance structure distinguish an appropriation for the righsts and responsibilities for the different members within an organization, where the example could be associated with the directorate, investors, managers, creditors, regulators, and diverse partners) and this involves the guidelines and settling frameworks on corporate issues. Corporate governance includes the courses of action from where the objectives of goal are located and situated after in the connection of the administrative, social and environment market. The mechanisms of governance include overseeing of the activities, choices and approaches of companies emulated by the specialists. The practices of Corporate governance are influenced by endeavors to adjust the stakeholder's interests. Interest in the practices of current corporate governance, especially in connection to responsibility, expanded after the huge falls of several vast companies amid 20012002, the maximum of which incorporate accounts misintrepretation; and afterward the financial crisis in 2008. The scandals on a corporate basis of diverse structures have resulted in a public and political interest for the corporate governance regulation. Within the US, this includes MCI and Enron Inc . Their end is connected with federal government through US imposing the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002, proposing for the restoration of the confidence of public within the corporate governance. Similar disappointments in Australia (One.Tel, HIH) are connected with the consequent entry of the CLERP 9 changes. Comparable disintegrations in several nations triggered huge and increase in regulatory interest . Corporate Governance in Other Jurisdictions Previously, the corporate governance's previous corporate governance model underlines the interests shareholders. It depends on a BODs that is single tiered that is ordinarily overwhelmed by shareholder's elected non executive directors. Due to this, it is otherwise called "the unitary framework". Inside this framework, numerous boards incorporate organizations' executives that are basically board members from ex offico. The directors that are non executive are needed to dwarf and hold key posts for executive directors that includes compensation along with audit committees. Within the Uk, the Chief Executive Director for the most part never additionally serve as a Board Chairman, while within US in accordance with norm of a role that is dual in nature, in spite of major hesitations with respect to the effect on corporate governance . Around US, on a specific basis, corporations are governed by the state laws, while the trading and offering of corporate securities incorporating the shares, and gets administered by the legislation on a federal basis. Several states around US have embraced the MBCA i.e. Model Business Corporate Act, however the predominant state law for publicly traded organizations is Delaware, which keeps on being the place of consolidation for the most of the publicly traded corporations. Individual rules for the organizations that are based upon the corporate sanction and, less legitimately, the corporate ordinances . Shareholders can't start changes in the corporate contract in spite of the fact that they can launch changes to the corporate by laws The UK model first came about in 1844 by the Joint-Stock Companies Act as illustrated by Tricker (1984, p.14) the underlying concepts are constrained by company law. The Board of Directors are the direct deciders on how best to run the company. There is no distinction between executive and non-executive directors in terms of the law. Neither is there the requirement to separate the chairman and the chief executive roles. Compared to a German model, where there is a difference between the governance and management is very clear as well as the description of the respective responsibilities of the two boards. The supervisory board has no executive power over direction or executive action but has the authority to appoint, approve or remove the management board. Hilt (2014 p.2). Interests of Shareholders In contemporary business companies, the primary groups of external stakeholders are shareholders, trade creditors and customers; suppliers, and groups influenced by the activities of corporation. Internal stakeholders' are the governing body i.e. the BODs, employees and other executives A great part of the contemporary interest for corporate governance is concerned with relief of the interest conflict between stakeholders. In vast firms where there is a ownership separation and no controlling shareholder and management, the issue of the principalagent emerges between an upper management i.e. agent which may have separate interests, and by definition significantly more data, than shareholders i.e. the principals. The peril emerges that, as opposed to directing management for the benefit of shareholders, the directorate may get to be protected from shareholders and indebted to management . This perspective is especially displayed in contemporary public debates and advancements emulated by the administrative policy. The way out to prevent or mitigate irreconcilable situations incorporate the techniques, laws, strategies, customs, and institutions which have an effect on the way the control is exercised on an organization. A critical topic of governance is the nature and degree of corporate responsibility. A related discourse at the macro level spotlights on the effect of a framework associated with corporate governance on economic efficiency, with a positive emphasis on the welfare of shareholders. This has resulted in a specific literature that is targeted and had a consideration on an economic analysis. Models of Corporate Governance Distinctive corporate governance models differ as per the free enterprise assortment in which they get lodged. The Anglo-American form of Corporate Governance has a tendency to underline the shareholders' interests. With the Multi stakeholder Model connected with Japan and Continental likewise considers the interests of managers, workers, customers, managers and suppliers. There is a considerable refinement in between the models of network orientated and market orientated corporate governance. A Multi-partner Model is an organizational structure or framework which makes an adoption of the process of multi stakeholder procedure of policy making or governance, which expects to unite the essential stakeholders, for example, organizations, governments civil society, research institutions and NGOs to chip in and engage in the dialog, implementation of the solutions for goals or common issues . A stakeholder alludes to an individual, group or association that has an interest whether direct or indirect within a particular organization; that is, a given activity can impact the actions of an organization, policies and decisions to accomplish results Different Perspectives of Defining Corporate Governance Corporate governance has additionally been all the more barely characterized as a law framework and methodologies are sound by which companies are controlled and coodinated by concentrating on both internal and external structures within a corporate level with the plan of observing the director activities and management and in this way, alleviating the risks within an agency which might develop from the corporate officers wrongdoings. One of the sources characterizes CGas "the arrangement of terms that makes a bargaining of hte generated quasi rents for firm. The firm is illustrated as acting for the governance structure through the mechanism of contract. Here corporate governance may incorporate its connection to corporate finance as well. Principles of Corporate Governance Contemporary discourses of corporate governance have a tendency to allude to standards brought up in three released documents following 1990: The Cadbury Report, the Principles of Corporate Governance, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 The According to OECD, it reports current general standards around which organizations are relied upon to operate to guarantee a relevant governance. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, casually alluded to as Sox or Sarbox, is an endeavor by the government in the United States to enact a few of the standards suggested in the OECD and Cadbury reports . An equitable and rights treatment of shareholders: Organizations ought to regard the privileges of shareholders and help shareholders to practice those rights. They can help shareholders practice their rights by transparently and successfully imparting data and by urging shareholders to take an interest in typical meetings. Interests of Shareholders: Organizations ought to perceive that they have legitimate, contractual, market driven and social obligations to the stakeholders that are non shareholder that includes employees, suppliers, investors, creditors, communities, clients and other policy makers. Board Responsibilities: The board needs adequate pertinent aptitudes and comprehension to audit and challenge the performance management. It likewise needs satisfactory size and suitable levels of commitment and independence . Ethical behavior and Integrity: Integrity ought to be a key necessity in picking corporate officers and board individuals. Organizations ought to add a code of conduct for their executives and directors that makes a promotion of responsible and ethical decision making. Transparency and Disclosure: Organizations ought to clear up and develop publicly known responsibility of management and board to furnish stakeholders with a level of responsibility. They ought to likewise execute strategies to freely check and protection of the uprightness of the organization's financial reporting. Exposure of material matters concerning the organization to be convenient and adjusted to guarantee that all speculators have admittance to clear, true data. Volkswagen Corporate Governance Issues At Volkswagen, there were several corporate governance issues. The main issue focused on the between electing institutional investors and other conflicts of interests. One basis purpose behind why Germany's greatest firms have not cut numerous occupations is its appreciated model of capitalism on a stakeholder basis, which flourished after the Second World War and added to its quick financial development until the 1980s. Under this model, laborers' delegates fill a large portion of the seats on supervisory boards of the firm. A different administration board is in charge of maintaining the business normal. Organizations are additionally needed to act in light of a legitimate concern for all "partners", not simply of shareholders. That develops some sort of tension between jobs and profits. It is explored that 83% of the surveyed German directors considered that the organizations they worked for had a place with partners instead of shareholders. Almost 60% said that sparing occupations was more critical than paying profits. In America and Britain, by complexity, very nearly 90 percent of managers said that paying profits was more critical than saving occupations and 75 percent of managers felt that organizations fit in with their shareholders. Conclusion Corporate governance purpose is to involve the promotion of efficiency with in the capital markets but also demands the importance of the firms capabilities with the stakeholders to have a healthy and stable ambiance on a long term basis. The corporate governance should also improve the board of the directors control in regards to the corporate affairs. Corporate governance extensively alludes to the mechanisms, relations and processes by which organizations are coordinated and directed . The administrative structures recognize the distributions of responsibilities and rights among distinctive members in the enterprise, (for example, the directorate, directors, shareholders, auditors and regulators) and incorporates the procedures and rules for the decision making in corporate affairs. Corporate governance incorporates the procedures through which companies' goals are situated and sought after in the setting of the regulatory, social and market environment. References Bhasa, M. P., 2011. Global corporate governance: debates and challenges. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 4(2), pp. 5-17. Kushkowski, J. D., 2010. Core Journals in Corporate Governance: An International Review: implications for Collection Management. CORE JOURNALS IN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, 12(4), pp. 12-28. Moir, L., 2012. What do we mean by corporate social responsibility?. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 1(2), pp. 16-22. Shleifer, A., 2011. A Survey Of Corporate Governance. Journal of Finance, 14(2), pp. 15-27. Spitzeck, H., 2010. Stakeholder governance: how stakeholders influence corporate decision making. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 10(4), pp. 378-391. Talamo, G., 2012. Corporate governance and capital flows. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 11(3), pp. 228-243. Thomsen, S., 2011. Corporate values and corporate governance. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 4(4), pp. 29-46. Vinten, G., 2010. The corporate governance lessons of Enron. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 2(4), pp. 4-9. Hilt, E) 2014, 'History of American corporate governance: Law, institutions, and politics',Annual Review Of Financial Economics, 6, p. 1-21, Scopus, EBSCOhost, viewed 12 March 2015 Prasad, K, Corporate Governance, 2nd Edition. 2011 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi, E-Book 5th November 2011 p. 285-286, Viewed on 05 March 2015 Fernando, A.C.,2009 Corporate Governance Principles, policies and Practices, 3rd Edition, Dorling Kindersley (India) PVT Ltd, Licence of Pearson Education in South Asia, New Delhi p.9-10 Tricker, R. I, 1984, Corporate Governance, Gower, Vermont

Looking For A Reason Essays - AP, , Term Papers

Looking For A Reason Looking for a Reason Is where you are in your working career where you want to be for the rest of your life? The answer to that question is simple for Sammy in the story A by John Updike. Sammy, like many others in this world, is a young man trying to make some money in a small town. But unlike some, he refuses to be stuck in the same job for many years or possibly the rest of his life. One day while working the register at a local grocery store, Sammy notices three girls walk in. The girls are wearing their bathing suits because the beach is close to the store. When the girls reach the register the manager notices the girls attire. He walks over to them and argues with them for a moment and then girls leave. Sammy didnt understand why the manager had such a problem with what the girls were wearing. Suddenly Sammy decides to quit. He takes off his apron and walks out the door. One of the things that caught my attention the most was Updikes use of imagery in describing Sammys working environment. The sheep pushing their carts down the aisle-(34), I thought, was an excellent representation of customers grocery shopping. I could almost see them pushing their carts around the store shopping for things. It seems to me that the customers are like sheep because they dont really care about what is going on around them. They just want to get their things and go on about their business. Another good example is when Sammy is looking at the girls while they are standing in his aisle. He refers to one of the girls chest as two scoops of vanilla(36). I think this is an important point because he doesnt refer to an older woman, who was standing in line before the girls, in such a manner. This shows a male point of view that helps the reader understand how Sammy feels and what is going through his mind during the story. I think the girls helped give Sammy a reason to quit the grocery store. On one hand, Sammy quit for the girls. He saw how they were treated by the manager and thought he would be the hero by quitting to get back at him. And even though he knew the girls wouldnt be waiting on him out side the store, he quit none the less. Because on the other hand, he didnt want to end up like the manager when he got older. I was looking for a reason to quit a job once. I didnt quit because I thought I was going to be working there for the rest of my life, but because I didnt like working there anymore. I decided to not go in one day and when the manager called I said I had a science project to do. When she asked if I was going to come in ever again I said no. That was a long time ago and I would never quit a job in that way again. I was young then and I basically was just tired of working there. Sammys future is unknown. The question of weather he quit because he thought he would be the girls knight in shining armor, or the fear that he would be stuck in a dead-end job the rest of his life is left up to the reader. Maybe both of the answers are both true. I think even though he thought in the back of his mind that the girls would be outside waiting for him, he knew in his heart that they wouldnt be there. I dont think Sammys future is in the grocery store business though. One thing is certain though, Sammys future is up to him. English Essays

Who has Impacted Your Life the Most Essay

Who has Impacted Your Life the Most Essay Free Online Research Papers Undergraduate Essay Question Who has had the greatest impact on your life? As I continue to grow and mature, I begin to wonder who exactly I am as an individual. I question why I think the way I do or have some of the opinions that I express. I’ve come up to the conclusion that individuals that I look up to or who I feel have had an influence on me will play a large role in the adult and the overall person that I become. My grandmother, (Mrs. Estelle Lyons) has had the greatest impact on my life. Mrs. Lyons was a strong-willed person full of love and kindness. Her Christianity for the love of God out-weighed a lot of things she’s done and has become in life. My grandmother is the women who have had the most influence in my life as well as the person to whom I would turn to for guidance. My family and I have repeatedly overcome obstacles which life, in general, tends to place in front of us. In spite of her death in April of 1998. Mrs. Lyons is the teacher of old family morals, values, unity and respect. Born and raised in Sarasota, Florida and coming from a family of eleven siblings, she was one of the youngest. My grandmother is a phenomenal woman and she gave up her whole life to not only raise us but she also helped raise her sisters kids while they pursued higher education and she didn’t even get to receive a high school diploma. Through my mother, my grandmother’s spirit lives and through her I find the strength to continue and pursue things that seem impossible. She has helped me to realize that I really enjoy learning about things that happened in the past and the hardships that people used to face. These things have helped me to grow to a better person and a better student, and I appreciate all that my grandma has done. My grandmother’s perseverance through the most difficult situations has influenced me to strive for things that seem hardest to conquer. â€Å"Nothing in this world is handed to you† are the words that she constantly incorporates into me. My grandmother would have been my biggest supporter and because of her, I believe that college will help me fulfill my ultimate lifetime dream, which is to become a lawyer. College provides diversity, multiple opportunities, and a welcoming community, which can be used to my benefit. My grandmother tells me that â€Å"above all common sense is most important in this world†. Without common sense, one could pass up many opportunities and make a lot of mistakes that are easily avoidable with common knowledge. Without the use of common sense, people would not be able to solve the easiest problems or even attempt to try to solve the hard ones. I have high respect for my grandmother, not to mention esteem and she is definitely by far the â€Å"greatest person who has had the most impact on my life†. Research Papers on Who has Impacted Your Life the Most EssayLife After Death Personal EssayBooker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells-BarnettThe Broken FamilyDistance Learning Survival GuideMy Writing ExperienceJean-Jaques Rousseau EmileStandardized TestingProbation OfficersImpact of Breast CancerMy Air force Essay

Cable Based Television †Retaining Customers

Cable Based Television – Retaining Customers The industry of communications has grown exponentially during the past years allowing cable and satellite television companies to capture a large piece of the market. According to the National Cable & Telecommunications Association cable television was introduced since the late 1940’s in the USA while satellite TV was introduced in the early 90’s. According to the Television Bureau of Advertising (tvb.org) Cable television has lost significantly part of its market share to the newly introduced Satellite TV providers. According to research by Nielsen Company reported by tvb.org in February of 1999 the percentage of TV per household receiving cable television was at 70% while 9.1% came from any form of Satellite receivers while in July of 2009 only 62.2 % belonged to cable transmission while 28.6% to satellite receivers. This data is somehow alarming to cable companies all around. Even though they still remain as a top provider they have lost a significantly share of the market over a rather short period of time. This calls for action from the cable companies to analyze and evaluate new strategies to retain customers and eventually gain back the customers lost. This situation might change depending on the providers of the services, also affecting other things such as quality of the service, installation processes, prices and even customer services. While Satellite providers started appealing to a higher income percentage of the population now they are working their way down the income latter to appeal with better prices and bundles. The present marketing plan aims to draw a clear strategy that will start locally in the area of Tampa and surrounding cities. If the implementation is effective then it shall be replicated to all the other states and cities were the company in question, Bright house Networks, works as a Cable provider. Having in mind that cable is something that people can definitely live without, it is a harder task to preserve the nee d especially during rough times as perceived by the public in general. With the introduction of technology the addition of internet service provider to the cable companies has been a very smart way to create an increased need for the services and the effect of this shall be explored within the marketing plan, including the differences between the different services offered by the satellite TV and Cable TV providers which are often a deal breaker when deciding to stay or change companies. Company Overview Bright house Networks is a cable provider company established in 1994, it was merged with Warner Cable and other local cable providers to form the new company with new goals in mind and definitely different managerial styles. According to Bright House Networks, LLC Company Profile on Yahoo Finance it has over 2 million subscribers in the areas of Alabama, California, Florida, Indiana, and Michigan. Recently, Bright House Networks ranked highest in customer satisfaction for the fourt h year in a row by J.D. Power and Associates for Home Phone and for the delivery of High Speed Internet in the South Region. (Brighthouse.com/company overview) The company has a very important presence in Tampa and surrounding cities. It is the main cable provider in the area offering also other services such as high speed internet and telephone services which they cater to both households and business alike.

History of Programming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

History of Programming - Essay Example The essay "History of Programming" talks about the history of programming and programming languages that took place in various periods along with examples of prominent computer languages used. Futurist Raymond Kurzweil aptly stated that â€Å"if the automobile industry had made as much progress [as computers and software] in the past fifty years, a car today would cost a hundredth of a cent and go faster than the speed of light". The idea of synthesizing available science and means to get work from machines was not a new one. For example, Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a mechanical loom to make it easier to create complex designs for textiles. However, machines which could be classified as computers and based on electronics started appearing in the late 1940s. The initial machines were large physical machines, usually as big as a room and weighing tons in weight. To program these machines, low-level machine language was used, which, by its nature, was specific to the machine. Fast forward to today, and one can use ebooks which are many orders of magnitude more powerful than the computers of earlier years and high-level languages can perform actions which could not be imagined 60 years ago. O’Reilly Media, a noted publisher of technology books, has created a visual map of programming languages as they evolved during the short and fast-paced history of computing since the 1950’s. This map has been useful in writing this paper as it provides a single snapshot and reference of developments in the area over the years.

The Movement of people Migration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Movement of people Migration - Essay Example (Cohen 1997) Though the African contribution to America's exponential explosion of multiculturalism may be little known, the recent expansion of social variety in America is widely acknowledged. The United States and New York City are the principal destinations of recent documented and undocumented African immigrants. As far as new groups of recent immigrants have settled communities, many urban, suburban, and even rural areas have become "unexpectedly" varied and diverse. The appearance of differences has undermined the myth about American "melting pot". It has made, for some Americans, the specter of new immigration a bitter political issue of national scope. It was also obvious that the new immigration has raised much political debate in local contexts. (Global diasporas: An introduction 1997) Attracted by the global lights of the United States of America, many African immigrants came to New York in order not to settle, but to earn as much money as possible. And then they were going to return home. And, of course, they faced a great number of problems. After arrival they soon pointed out that their bad English, limited technological knowledge, and shadowy immigration status made working in the sphere of economy practically impossible. Having faced this brute reality, they entered the informal economy, as a result of which many of them became street vendors. It is a matter of fact that the community of African immigrants in America is profoundly fluid. Many of the men who migrated to America in the early 1990s have returned home. (Salzman 1996) Only few of the African immigrants aspire to American citizenship. They also feel practically no social connection to the communities they live in. As a result they contribute little to community life. The sociocultural, legal, and political tensions of living in the United States have also deepened negative impressions that many Africans hold of American society. Many African immigrants identify America as a violent, insensitive, time-constrained place in which morally exhausted people have no time to visit one another. To buffer themselves from social deprivation and cultural isolation, Africans have formed informal credit groups or more formal mutual assistance groups like the Guinean Association of America African immigrants in American have little social stability and few formal institutions. (Foner 2001) African immigrants also have to confront and resolve medical problems, regulatory dilemmas, and cultural alienation. These problems are inextricably linked. For the great majority of African immigrants, evasion of public hospitals doesn't mean that they distrust Western medicine. They are frightened with the INS. Although the great majority of African immigrants in the United States express intense approval for the economic opportunities they enjoy and exploit in the United States, they consistently complain of loneliness, sociocultural isolation, and alienation from mainstream American social customs. These conditions, which lead to a decreased sense of control over one's life, have had an influence on the subjective well-being of

Blue Shield Health Insurance Essay Example for Free

Blue Shield Health Insurance Essay The Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association (BCBSA) serves independent local Blue Cross and Blue Shield companies as its trade association. The BCBSA is one of the nation’s oldest and biggest health benefits company, widely recognized in the health insurance industry, given its 800 strong employee strength, across 39 companies in Chicago and Washington D. C. BCBSA companies together cover about 98 million people or about every one in three Americans. The reach and spread of the BCBSA is really immense covering all 50 states and the District of Columbia, in contract with over 90% of the hospitals and 80% of physicians. The products serviced by BCBSA covers individuals to small and large employers, ensuring coverage to all citizens. Through its several unprecedented and innovative schemes, Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association tries to bring healthcare insurance to all people providing hope and security to everyone. The Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association is an insurance provider covering healthcare for more than 98 millions, nearly one in three Americans. Healthcare insurance is a must for everyone. It is necessary to keep the economy going and growing because once the people are covered under some healthcare insurance, their medical needs are adequately taken care of, which makes their productivity go up because better health obviously results in better work performance. If the concept of insurance were not Blue Cross and Blue Shield 3 there, then every individual would have had to save a huge amount of money as reserve to cover some unforeseen or unexpected calamities. Healthcare is one aspect which can never be compromised. With the mounting medical expenses, people without a healthcare insurance can just not afford to avail proper preventive and therapeutic treatment. With the cost of medical services growing by leaps and bounds, healthcare insurance is imperative for one and all. Healthcare insurance company also stands to benefit because when they are likely to pay more in claims than what they get in premiums, a hike in the premium is anticipated. Under the employer-sponsored healthcare insurance, the employer spends roughly five times more than what the employee contributes. But the increasing medical costs have a great impact on the employers who have to pay out huge sums as premiums for their employees. From 1998 to 2003, there was a national increase of 42% in individual premiums after adjustments made with regard to inflation. With the increase in medical costs, employees are forced to contribute a sizable amount towards their coverage, so they opt to stay away from the job-based health insurance plans. The employers depend more on part-time and contract workers who are often not eligible for coverage. So fewer people access employer-paid healthcare insurance. The job instability too contributes in the steady increase of the number of uninsured people. And then there are some firms, which do not provide health insurance to their employees. With the shooting medical expenses, it is difficult for people to go for healthcare coverage, as the premiums are high. This leaves them uninsured, which again has drastic effects affecting Blue Cross and Blue Shield 4 both the people and the company. So, healthcare insurance has now become something that people can neither do with nor do without it. To combat this scenario, Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association brings various new schemes taking into consideration the needs of every individual. With no insurance and with the exorbitant medical expenses, the health care of the people is greatly compromised. They go in for lesser preventive care with the result diseases get out of hand before they are diagnosed, and even when diagnosed, the treatment costs are so huge that the therapeutic care is compromised. With no insurance, people are expected to pay up-front for the medical services and so they defer medical care except when it is life threatening. This also affects the government because it has to cater to the medical needs of the uninsured, which has a terrible impact on the economy because the expenses of the emergency department is much higher than in the outpatient clinics, and the conditions are often those that could have been averted or postponed with preventive care. Proper health insurance package is the icing on the cake. The medical expenses are so much that healthcare insurance acts as a major deciding factor when people seek jobs. With the ever-increasing medical expenses, every individual has to be insured medically so that they can avail the needed healthcare. But with the increased insurance premiums, the number of uninsured people is on the high. Furthermore, insurances have too many exclusions like certain drugs not being covered, certain Blue Cross and Blue Shield 5 procedures not being covered and the like, which again discourages people from being insured, which is detrimental to the citizens as well as the country at large. Even with insurance, the prospects of the people losing their jobs and thereby their insurances is there. There definitely have to be changes in the system so that every individual could be worked into the health insurance plan. The view of Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association president and CEO Scott P Serota testifies this â€Å"With such divergent political ideologies, it is unprecedented for these groups to have a joint agreement. Helping the millions of Americans who do not have health insurance is an issue that needs to transcend politics and partisanship, and that is why we worked together to give Congress a starting point that we can all support. † The 2005 data shows that one in seven American was uninsured thus depriving them of basic healthcare. The Institute of Medicine has that approximately 18,000 die every year of diseases that could have either been treated or prevented had they had health coverage. Lack of insurance prevents people leading a quality life, and it also brings down their productivity because of their recurrent ailments. The first annual National Walk @ Lunch Day to be held on Wednesday, April 18, 2007, by BCBSA (Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association) will definitely bring about an awareness among people about the need for an active lifestyle, which obviously would usher in better health. Unlike the usual health insurance companies, Blue cross and Blues Shield Association design innovative schemes to match the diversified requirement of the market. It does a Blue Cross Blue shield 6 lot of activity to keep the competition at bay. Even though profit making is the main objective in any organization, Blue cross and Blues Shield Association takes care that it does not become the sole objective. A paradigm shift in this regard is obvious by the mere existence of CareFirst, the non profit health care company which provides health insurance products and administrative services. In the current scenario where the number of uninsured people is on the rise, Blue cross and Blues Shield Association has to be applauded for its efforts in trying to bring the maximum people under the healthcare insurance cover. REFERENCES www. nchc. org www. bcbs. com www. money. cnn. com

War Without Mercy by Dower Essay -- History World War II 2

War Without Mercy by Dower In â€Å"War Without Mercy†, Dower’s principle is a surprising one: Though Western allies were clearly headed for victory, pure racism fueled the persistence and increase of hostilities in the Pacific setting during the final year of World War II, a period that saw as many casualties as in the first five years of the conflict combined. Dower does not reach this disturbing conclusion lightly. He combed through loads of propaganda films, news articles, military documents, and cartoons. Though his case is strong, Dower reduces other factors, such as the prolonged negotiations between the West and the Japanese. During World War II, with the alliance of Germany and Italy made a propaganda campaign of obvious anti-white racism somewhat unreasonable. Furthermore, Japan's history of rapid and often passionate Westernization while opposing to colonialization by western powers largely prohibited such a propaganda approach. It is Dower's central idea that racial fear and hate were major factors that determined how both sides, Japanese and Anglo-American, perceived and dealt with the respective enemy, the "formulaic expression of Self and Other." Dower begins by examining the propaganda thrown out by both war machines (including a Frank Capra documentary, Know Your Enemy - Japan) and finds fundamental patterns of stereotyping. A few clichà ©s that were found in this film was that it originally portrayed the Japanese as ordinary humans victimized by their leaders. "In everyday words," he writes, the "first kind of stereotyping could be summed up in the statement: you are the opposite of what you say you are and the opposite of us, not peaceful but warlike, not good but bad...In the second form of stereotyping, the f... ...cking. It does a valuable service in exposing many of the prejudices of the time and especially in showing how those prejudices were at least partly responsible for the string of debacles endured by U.S. and other allied forces in the war's opening stages. It also does a very good job of giving the reader a glimpse of the kind of thinking that was prevalent in Japanese society prior to and during the war. In this sense it is an extremely important work and is highly recommended to anyone with a serious interest in the Pacific Theater. However, having said that, I will also say that the author overplays his hand and puts far too much emphasis on the role of racism, portraying it as the primary cause of the war and of the evils that transpired during its execution. As a result, it has a tendency to explain away a good many complex issues that deserve a fuller treatment.

Media/Medical and Science Ethics

The rapid advancement in technology made humans so fearsome about the dangers it brings them—most especially of the danger that will cause their extinction. It is not mere computer or cellular phone that advances. Today, genetics, nanotechnology, and robotics (GNR) make that constant fear to knock on the feet of human race more frequent than ever. Dr. Ralph Merkle, in his essay entitled Nanotechnology: It’s a Small, Small, Small, Small World (2000), pleasantly drew a future that is happily gains from the various benefits of nanotechnology in almost all areas from which life greatly depends. He said that nanotechnology is being pushed through towards an objective. That is to â€Å"make almost every manufactured product faster, lighter, stronger, smarter, safer, and cleaner.† He even enumerated benefits that nanotechnology may provide humanity especially on transportation, atom computers, military applications, solar energy, and medical uses. Dr. Merkle has laid down very good arguments. He will surely make good impressions to whoever reads his essay. Dr. Merkle, who became scientific in describing when and in what manner humans will use nanotechnology, is indeed an ethical engineer and inventor. He became solely after to whatever nanotechnology can give humans to improve their everyday living. But all the benefits he said in his essay are also the weaknesses of his arguments and he was not able to draw more sentences to defend them. Though Dr. Merkle missed to include in his essay the dangers at par with the benefits of nanotechnology, Dr. Bill Joy provided them is his essay. Dr. Joy, in his essay The Future Doesn’t Need Us (2000), materialized and defined that fear. In lieu with the fast-paced technological advancement, he overshadowed a future dominated either by elites that uses GNR as a machinery to eliminate the masses or by egoistic individuals who work hard to aim vested interests or by the robots themselves with the powerful wit as much as that of a human being. Dr. Joy constructed such plausible reality in a logical structure, discussing how and what did technological advancements play in human community for the past centuries. Indeed, he showed how dangers go in parallel with the advantages and benefits of technology. He, however, like any other individual, has all the reason to be fearsome about the technological advancements vis-à  -vis GNR. History tells the world how did the arrangement of atoms forming a huge atomic bomb become so destructive—removes geographical and topographical places and killed thousands of people in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This is just one of the grave mass deaths and destructions that shook the whole world until now. History also tells us how technological advancements on medicines permitted the rise of new medicines aimed to secure individuals from the former medicines. It is, Dr. Joy points out, in the hands of the â€Å"wrong people† that such potential dangers are permitted to happen and may do â€Å"mishandling, abuse, and accidents† to recur over and over again. Each of the two essays could be said as complement to the other; however, this accompaniment discloses another significant issue: Which of the two needs more importance, the duties or consequences of technology? The abovementioned question now asks further question, who among the two makes a better point? Dr. Merkle is pushing through the duties technology provides humans—the duty of improving everyday life through manufactured products that were equipped with more efficiency, while Dr. Joy stresses on the consequences that make technology endanger life—the pros and the cons of technology and how it contributes to human’s extinction in the near future. For instance, the medical application of nanotechnology will lead to a better medical treatment of illness, Dr. Merkle said. The assurance, however, that it will lead to a better, and perhaps safer, treatment is blurry. The creation of anti-antibiotics will testify to such inadequacy. Another example would be the military uses of nanotechnology to create better and more effective weapons. A country which has strong weapons to use during wars will, of course, able to claim the victory. Nanotechnology will be of great help in creating such weapons. However, if the opportunity to use nanotechnology– to arrange atoms in a way creating weapons—were given and used for mass destructions by, to what Dr. Joy pertains, â€Å"bad people,† we will witness on this part the disadvantage. Whether the phenomenon is an unseen/unpredicted occurrence or a willfully-done event, the raison d'à ªtre remains: to every duty of technology there is a parallel consequence. Too bad that when the consequence is bad and/or destructive, it cost us million lives and million-worth assets to vanished in split seconds, or it costs our daily living to be gradually ruined everyday. Whether duty or consequence deserves more regard, some would still think if we are to coexist with technology harmoniously or end up victims of it, like Dr. Joy thought of. But still, like what Dr. Merkle tells us, â€Å"a lot would depend on when we start.† As technology and knowledge rapidly changes, man has become wiser than ever. But the question to both Dr. Merkle and Dr. Joy also bothers even ordinary individuals, where are we headed as human race given that we are placed in now highly technological world? Dr. Joy tells that many things greatly depends on humans—that is if we will still be driven by societal transformation, progress, and well-being. If not, â€Å"progress will be somewhat bittersweet.† True enough, humans coexists in a one world. To clearly define the duties technology should and at the same time eliminating, or the least expense, minimizing, the dangers it may give us, molecular manufacturing (as part of the nanotechnology) â€Å"requires the coordinated efforts of many people in many years,† as what Dr. Merkle said. At the end of the day, the challenge to us is more likely to be as particular as how to protect life; improving it is perhaps a higher task that awaits us.      

Professional Abilities Essay

There are several organizations for each professional for example: teachers, social workers, accountants and business owners just to name a few. Then there are sororities and fraternities which consist of all of these professionals in one melting pot. The professional organization which I will describe in the paper is the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC). As an employee in a Child Care Facility being apart of this organization can help improve my career if I choose to become the director in a few months. The following paragraph describes the history of the organization and what it has done for the early childhood program. As a mother of 5 with 4 attending school in the public school system this organization is in the public eye and moving forward with efforts to improve the early childhood system and help teachers, parents and congress to understand how important our children’s education should be to us. I can join this organization and help to change laws that can have an impact for not only my children but also grandchildren, nieces, nephews and the children that attend my Childcare facility my eyes could be open to new information, meeting people from all aspects of life at the national meetings and even go to Washington DC to help influence them to increase the funding, or make changes to existing policies regarding early childhood education. NAEYC’s mission is to serve and act on behalf of the needs, rights and well-being of all young children with primary focus on the provision of educational and developmental services and resources. National Association for the Education of Young Children has become the nation’s premier organization for early childhood professionals—setting research-based standards and providing resources to improve early childhood program quality, enhance the professional development and working conditions of program staff, and to help families learn about and understand the need for high quality early childhood education. Through position statements, work with other organizations, and its national voluntary accreditation system, NAEYC has been the leader in promoting excellence in early childhood education for all young children from birth through age 8. NAEYC’s roots extend to the 1920s when professional researchers and educators began organizing nursery schools for young children. Concerned about the quality of the proliferating programs, Patty Smith Hill identified a multidisciplinary group of 25 individuals, among them Arnold Gesell, Lois Meek (Stolz), and Abigail Eliot, to consider the need for a new association. A public conference was held in Washington, DC in 1926. By 1929, the group was organized as the National Association for Nursery Education (NANE) and had published its first book—Minimum Essentials for Nursery Education. In 1964, NANE was reorganized as the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC). Also that year, the federal Head Start program was launched, focusing public attention on preschool education. In the early 1980s, concern about the quality of early childhood services available to the burgeoning numbers of families seeking child care and preschool programs for their young children led NAEYC to begin planning a national voluntary accreditation system for early childhood programs. NAEYC’s work in developing position statements and setting standards for different aspects of early childhood education continued throughout the 1990s. The National Institute for Early Childhood Professional Development focuses attention on improving the quality of preparation and ongoing professional development for teachers of young children by providing a place to learn from researchers about new developments and evaluations of pedagogy, curriculum, assessment, and teacher education. By its 75th anniversary in 2001, the association was engaged in a project to reinvent its accreditation system (scheduled to be fully implemented in 2006). Funding provided by a variety of contributors has been instrumental to the success of this effort. In addition, a comprehensive restructuring of its affiliate groups (most of which successfully re-affiliated in 2004) had also been launched. Interest Forums were established as a membership benefit in 2001 to encourage communities of learning on issues related to the NAEYC mission. Funding provided by the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation enabled NAEYC to establish the Supporting Teachers, Strengthening Families project to prevent child abuse and promote children’s healthy social development by helping teachers better communicate with families on difficult issues. The Association also adopted standards for professional preparation associate degree programs in early childhood education and launched plans to develop an accreditation system for these institutions. This effort has been generously supported by a number of contributors. The results of earlier efforts to build the Association’s policy presence are clearly visible in 2004. Affiliates and members receive training, technical assistance and resources to help them improve the capacity of their efforts to promote good public policies and investments in affordable, high quality early childhood education programs. NAEYC is recognized as a leading voice in Congress and in state capitols on what is needed to help improve early childhood programs and services for all young children and their families, ranging from child care and Head Start, to early elementary grade reading programs and appropriate assessment. Early childhood educators look to NAEYC for journals, books, and other resources that combine a solid research base and information and features that make them highly accessible and useful for practitioners, teacher educators, and policy makers. NAEYC Conferences continue to be the meetings that just can’t be missed, serving a critical convening function for the early childhood profession and providing a valuable professional development opportunity. Approaching its 80th anniversary, NAEYC is proud of its traditions, but also looks to the future. The Association is committed to becoming an ever more high performing inclusive organization that invites all individuals, families, communities and organizations to work together to improve the lives of all young children. They offer an Associate Degree Accreditation Program too many Universities that have programs in Early Childhood to make sure they are preparing their students for their career. They also offer Early Childhood professionals resources to improve their practice through training and professional development. After reading all the above information we should all be apart of this type of organization that cares greatly for the education system that our child (ren) participate in on a daily basis.

Dissimilation and Haplology in Phonetics

Dissimilation and Haplology in Phonetics Dissimilation is a general term in phonetics and historical linguistics  for the process by which two neighboring sounds become less alike. Contrast with assimilation.  According to Patrick Bye, the term dissimilation entered the field [of phonology] in the 19th century from rhetoric, where it had been in use to describe the variation in style required for good public speaking (The Blackwell Companion to Phonology, 2011). Dissimilation and Haphology As discussed below, one type of dissimilation is  haplology- a sound change  involving the loss of a syllable when its  next to a phonetically identical (or similar) syllable.  Perhaps the best known example is the reduction of  Anglaland  in Old English to England in Modern English. Haplology is sometimes called  syllabic syncope.  (The counterpart of  haplology  in writing is  haplography- the accidental omission of a letter that should be repeated, such as mispell for misspell.) The Phonetics of English ElisionLanguage ChangePronunciationSegment and SuprasegmentalSound ChangeWhat Is the Correct Pronunciation of February?Word Boundaries Examples of Dissimilation [An] example of dissimilation is the substandard pronunciation of chimney as chimley, with the second of two nasals changed to an [l]. The ultimate dissimilation is the complete loss of one sound because of its proximity to another similar sound. A frequent example in present-day standard English is the omission of one of two [r] sounds from words like cate(r)pillar, Cante(r)bury, rese(r)voir, terrest(r)ial, southe(r)ner, barbitu(r)ate, gove(r)nor, and su(r)prised.(John Algeo and Thomas Pyles, The Origins and Development of the English Language, 5th ed. Thomson, 2005) Dissimilation of Liquid Consonants ​Consider [an] example of dissimilation of liquid consonants that took place when the suffix -al attached to some Latin nouns to make adjectives. The regular suffixation process gives us pairs like the following: orbit/orbital, person/personal, culture/cultural, electric/electrical. However, when an /l/ precedes the ending anywhere in the root, the ending is changed from -al to -ar as a result of dissimilation: single/singular, module/modular, luna/lunar. (Kristin Denham and Anne Lobeck, Linguistics for Everyone. Wadsworth, 2010) Assimilation v. Dissimilation ​Assimilation is far more common than dissimilation; assimilation is usually regular, general throughout the language, though sometimes it can be sporadic. Dissimilation is much rarer and is usually not regular (is sporadic), though dissimilation can be regular. Dissimilation often happens at a distance (is non-adjacent) . . .. (Lyle Campbell, Historical Linguistics: An Introduction. MIT Press, 2004) Causes and Effects of Haphology ​We say that assimilation and dissimilation are changes that result in an increase or decrease, respectively, in the degree of phonetic similarity between two segments. It is tempting to think that such changes in the one segment are somehow caused by the phonetics of the other, and for generations that is actually how the matter has usually been presented. . . . But this is a confusion of cause and effect. It is true that the effect of the change is a net increase/decrease of similarity between two segments, but it is begging the question (to say the least) to assume that the degree of similarity is also somehow the cause of the change. The fact is that very little is known of the actual mechanisms of these changes, commonplace as they are. (Andrew L. Sihler, Language History: An Introduction. John Benjamins, 2000) Haplology Haplology  . . . is the name given to the change in which a repeated sequence of sounds is simplified to a single occurrence. For example, if the word  haplology  were to undergo haplology (were to be haplologized), it would reduce the sequence  lolo  to  lo,  haplology  Ã‚  haplogy. Some real examples are: (1) Some varieties of English reduce   library  to libry [laibri] and   probably  to probly [prÉ”bli].(2)   pacifism  pacificism (contrast with   mysticism  mysticism, where the repeated sequence is not reduced and does not end up as   mystism).(3) English   humbly  was   humblely  in Chaucers time, pronounced with three syllables, but has been reduced to two syllables (only one   l) in modern standard English.  (Lyle Campbell,   Historical Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd ed. MIT Press, 2004) The Haphology Effect The  haplology  effect can often be heard in the casual  pronunciation  of each of these words: February, probably, regularly, and similarly.  The words  library  and  necessary, especially as spoken in Southern England, are often heard by foreigners as  libry  and  nessary. But when they repeat the words as such, they do not sound right, since there should be a lengthened  r  and  s, respectively, in those words. It shows that foreigners notice the beginning stages of  haplology  in those words, when there is as yet no complete haplology. (Yuen Ren Chao,  Language and Symbolic Systems. Cambridge University Press, 1968)

Paraphrasing 5 answers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paraphrasing 5 answers - Essay Example The main role is played by central IT and network management functions in this direction. These functions advise the recovery planning groups towards finding the cost of potential alternatives, which can be applied for disaster recovery planning. However, the major role of these functions remains helping the disaster recovery group in facing and overcoming the technological challenges on urgent basis. Some IT tools can help the recovery groups in permanent recovery measures. The functions also provide the necessary support towards documentation and technical support related to disaster recovery tasks. Part time recovery coordinators have other responsibilities also, apart from working for disaster recovery planning. Hence, they may have their own office and telephone, computer facilities to carryout these jobs. Since their obligations are limited towards the disaster recovery-planning group, the budget for their working is different from the full time employees of the group. In addition, there are fewer overheads involved, when employing part time coordinators. One or more recovery coordinators will be required to manage the day-to-day affairs of the team, while coordinating for various tasks being conducted by the recovery group. These coordinators must have the requisite facilities for smooth working towards accomplishing the plan development

Smart Car Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Smart Car - Case Study Example smart car; Should Mercedes rethink its ambitions in the small-car segment and what are the chances that the "smart" car will be a commercial success and ,finally, can the "smart" car sustain a competitive advantage in the competitive microcar market The paper would end with strategy based marketing recommendations to make MCC's strategic process of strategic choice and analysis with in organizations in relation to its competition. The paper also takes a theoretical look at strategy making within the marketing function in the smart car before making the above referred recommendations. Swiss watch making is recognized by one brand name: Swatch. Swatch made it possible for the Swiss watch industry to emerge out of a bankruptcy threatening recession in the 1970s, when over-confident manufacturers stuck to old technology ignoring the impact of new quartz technology which had allowed cheap, accurate watches from the Far East to capture the market. Swatch has traversed substantial distance since its formation in 1983, when the two Swiss largest watchmakers, ASUAG and SSIH, realized that under the onslaught of the new technology they were facing liquidation. Some of the prestigious brands such as Longines, Omega and Tissot, owned by these two watch makers, became ideal targets for foreign acquisition. The two companies panicked and decided to join hands and invited Nicolas Hayek, CEO of the business consulting firm Hayek Engineering, to organize the strengthening exercise. Hayek brought about one of the most amazing turn arounds in business health through his two pronge d strategy in the face of fierce criticism. He amalgamated the two companies to form SMH (the company changed its name to Swatch in 1998); the Hayek Pool - Hayek himself and partners from Swiss industry - took over the majority of the shares, and Hayek became CEO. Then he radically altered the production lines and marketing. The now well known plastic Swatch watch was launched in the Swiss market in 1983, with 12 models with a price range narrowly defined between 39 and 50 francs. The basic product design was simplified from over 90 components to just 51 components, and remarkably all components could be welded together by robots on a single assembly line - the first on Swiss watch manufacturing landscape. This reduced skilled labour cost to almost naught as a proportion whereas in contrast in traditional Swiss watch making, the same cost used to account for as much as 10 % or more of cost of finished product. This made Swatch highly competitive in world markets. To add simplificati on and rationalization of production was the marketing ingenuity of Hayek. Hayek has ensured that strategic marketing plays an

Significance Testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Significance Testing - Essay Example A research project always has the goal to investigate the causes and the reasons and thereby to be able to draw the conclusion in the basis of the changes that take place. Responses that have been counted in this vase are the independent or the dependent variables or the predictors (Park, 2005). In statistics sampling is referred to as the selection of a portion of the population whereas this is the sample that represents the major part of the population. Sampling types in this case include the convenience, accidental, quota sample, random sampling as well as the cluster sampling. In this case it has to be seen as to what the margin of error is in the specific sampling technique. Main problems that are faced in this case is the sample bias where the sample is not the representative of the whole population thereby the sample has to be chosen rather carefully. Importance that has been used in the statistical testing is that in the research projects it can be used to test the data in the experimental basis, so as to draw the conclusion that are based on the facts representing the major part of the population. ... Statistical hypothesis testing has been considered to be one of the main techniques in the frequentist statistical inference, and still it has been seen that this is the technique that has been under criticism. An important role is played by the statistical hypotheses testing in statistical inferences. It has been said by statisticians that the hypothesis testing although has many shortcomings and still there are many changes that are needed but it is the technique that plays central role in theory as well as the practice of statistics (Levin, 1998). When the null hypothesis are being tested than the main point that has to be taken into account is the effect size. As it has been known that here are four main parts of the statistical answers and they are inclusive of the effect size, the sample size, the alpha level that indicates the significance level of the newer or the odds that have been observed by the answer by the significance testing and the last one being the power that indicates the odds that have been observed by the reader of the research results. It has been estimated that tout of these for components there are some components that can be manipulated and this all depends upon the situation and the circumstances in which the research of the project has been carried out. The main point that needs pt be argued here in this case that the null hypothesis is known as the null hypotheses as it has the no difference or no effect case. The main statistical technique that has been facing the discussion hitherto by the professors, the researchers is the significance test. It has changed its face into a controversy from being just the topic of discussion these days. Since many years

Expatriate Selection, Training and Support Essay

Expatriate Selection, Training and Support - Essay Example Global HRM specialists assert that it is important for MNCs (Multinational Companies) to attract, recruit and retain employees who can work and live successfully in other countries. Various models are used to determine traits of good expatriate managers (Camilleri, 2011:35). The choice of models of characteristics of good expatriate managers for international assignments has been a long and complex affair (Chew, 2004:15). Past models indicated that functional or technical expertise has been the basis of choosing expatriate managers for various assignments (Sonja, 2003:555). Intensified attempts aimed at identifying appropriate expatriate managers were based on recognising personal characteristics of candidates that could enable them serve as better expatriate managers (Fajana, 2011:58). In other words, training improved their survival during the assignments (Camilleri, 2011:35). Though the models selection may vary according different nations, they are all based on potential characte ristics and functional capabilities of prospective candidates (Huang and Lawler, 2005:1670). It can observed that early studies made out specific issues that could influence the success or failure of expatriate managers, originally very little was done to come up with a systemic approach to the expatriate selection process.It is clear that systemic, organisational and environmental issues impact on an expatriate’s success or failure that were observed from research done on expatriate selection  ... On the other hand, the explanatory approach has been recently adjusted to a predictive approach that takes into account a study of personality characteristics of potential expatriate managers (Budhwar and Sparrow, 2002:377). Specifically, researchers pay more attention to the predictive approach using the big five personality characteristics (Jens, 2007:25). The five characteristics for expatriate success include extroversion, agreeableness, emotional stability, conscientiousness, openness, and intellect. Despite the fact that personality characteristics are said to have predictive power in relation to the success of expatriate managers, the practical research to support this position is insufficient (Semerae et al., 2007:71). An all-inclusive study conducted on the big five characteristics found that conscientiousness was concluded to be the best predictor for individual performance (Jackson, 2002:14). In addition to, the link to organisational performance using this approach as the primary selection is somewhat uncertain. Moreover, the big five attributes the development of classification of soft skills that have been used in expatriate manager selection (Azolukwam and Perkins, 2009:23). Various skill classification schemes have been used to demonstrate the objective of practitioners to set up multiple means to forecast the success of expatriate managers (Price, 2000:45). The Ashridge Management Research Centre stated five skill categories with different items in each classification (Harvey and Novicevic, 2001:71). These include language capabilities, openness to different cultures, strategic awareness and adaptability environmental situations. Other studies that support the soft skill model have increased the number of

Uses of Religion in Advertising

Uses of Religion in Advertising The way the message is presented, both pictorially and verbally, has a significant effect on the processing of the advertisement. However, it is acknowledged that attitude depend not only on the physical stimuli but also on the stimulis relation to the surrounding field and a whole range of factors within the individual, including the cultural background, experience, personality/cognitive style, values, expectations, and the context in which something is perceived (De Mooij, 2009; Usunier Lee, 2005). Due to this, its widely agreed that when an audience encounters an advertisement, the reaction to it depends on the meaning they assign to it, which in turn depends on characteristics of both the advertisement and the members of the audience (Veloutsou Ahmed, 2006). Advertisers need to understand their audience before encoding messages so that they are credible and generate positive responses. Otherwise the perception may be negative, disbelief or rejection. To ensure that a stimulus produces favorable response, advertisers have to analyze where attitudes stem from and what influences attitude. Positive attitude could result in positive response to a particular advertising stimulus and positive attitude toward the advertisement. This positive attitude could influence purchase intentions (Severn et al., 1990) and even lead to the audiences brand choice without examination of beliefs on specific attributes, because it allows for the retrieval of an overall evaluation with minimal processing (Dotson and Hyatt, 2000). Evidence suggests that advertisements are processed subjectively by individuals, on the basis of the group membership (Leach Liu, 1998). Cultural groups differ in their values, attitudes and prejudices they possess, and thus each group will read the advertisement distinctly and develop its own shared reactions, interpretations and meanings of the advertisement (Leach Liu, 1998). In a cognitively diverse world, a message that is sent is not necessarily the message that is received. Advertising could be more effective when it provides information and uses language that is consistent with the preferences of the audience, because customized advertisements may be more successful than generic one-size-fits-all (LaBarbera, 1998). Values guide and determine attitudes and behavior, which are the core of culture. Advertising reflects and influences cultural values. Therefore, advertising appeals that depict value orientations consistent with the intended audience is likely to be more persuasive than advertisements that depict inconsistent value (Leach Liu, 1998), a fact that advertisers should take into account when creating their messages. Advertisers use cues, such as culturally similar actors, shared cultural symbols and preferred language to produce the intended meaning, in the hope that the cues will be decoded by the audience (Veloutsou Ahmed, 2006). In the following sections the role of religion, as a factor that influences both the advertisement execution and attitude formation will be reviewed. Religion and Advertising Religion as an institution significantly influence on peoples attitudes, values and behaviors (Arnould, Price, Zikhan, 2004) at both the individual and societal levels. According to Peterson and Roy (1985), religion provides a source of meaning and purpose for people; it makes life understandable and interpretable. Religion fosters established practices and provides a series of tools and techniques for social behavior (Hawkins et al.,1980; Schiffman and Kanuk, 1991) therefore, religion and its associated values and practices often play a pivotal role in influencing peoples everyday life. This role is activated and executed through rituals and symbols. Rituals and symbols are focal elements in transferring religious courses and meanings to people which consequently shapes their values, beliefs, and behaviors. Religious self-identity, formed as a result of the internalization of the role expectations offered by the religion, suggests the potential influence of religiosity on ones beha vior and consequently what is considered right or wrong in that perspective (Vitell et. al, 2005). Moral values of right and wrong define what is allowed and forbidden for marketing and consumption and how this marketing strategy should take place. Hirschman (1983) points out that religious denominational affiliation may be viewed as cognitive systems. A cognitive system is a set of beliefs, values, expectations and behaviors that are shared by members of a group (Berger, 1961; Gurvitch, 1971; Merton, 1937). This perspective suggests that members of a particular religion may possess common cognitive systems, which may influence that groups behaviour (Hirschman, 1983). In a series of studies, Hirschman (1981, 1982, 1983) found that religious affiliation had an influence on novelty seeking, information search and a number of consumption processes such as choice of entertainment, transportation and family pets. Hirschman (1983) concluded that few other variables have exhibited the range and depth of explanatory power offered by religious affiliation (Esso Dibb, 2004). Even though attitudes and behaviors are directly influenced by at least religion-rooted aspects of culture, religions impact on consumption-related behaviour have been only very modestly studied in the marketing literature (Mokhlis, 2009). According to Hirschman (1983) there are three possible reasons for this shortfall. The first reason for the slow development of literature in this area is the possibility that consumer researchers are unaware of the possible links between religion and consumption patterns. The second reason is a perceived prejudice against religion within the research community; once being a taboo subject and too sensitive to be submitted for investigation (i.e. the potential for inadvertent offence and the legal protection afforded freedom of religion). Finally, she claims that religion is everywhere in our life and therefore may have been overlooked by researchers as an obvious variable for investigation in the field. Although Hirschman made this assertion some y ears ago, it is still true today. To date, few studies have investigated religion as a predictor of attitudes toward advertisement. Existing studies on advertising and religion mainly examined the influence of religion on attitude toward advertising of controversial products (De Run, Butt, Fam, Jong, 2010; Fam Grohs, 2007; Fam Waller, 2003; Fam, Waller, Erdogan, 2004; Michell Al-Mossawi, 1995). However, a review of the pertinent literature showed that most of these studies observed this influence from the point of marketing communications. Examining whether religion and intensity of religious belief has an effect on the attitudes towards the advertising of controversial products, Fam, et al. (2004) found a significant difference between the four controversial product groups (gender/sex related products, social/political groups, health and care products, and addictive products) and the four religious groups (Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and non-religious believers). Their results revealed that Muslims found the advertising of gender/sex related products, social/political groups, and health and care products most offensive relative to the other three religions. In addition, the religiously devout respondents were more likely to find advertising of gender/sex related products, health and care products, and addictive products more offensive than the less devout followers (Fam, et al., 2004). Second area of research in the field of advertising and religion has primarily focused on the presence of religious values in advertisements(Al-Olayan Karande, 2000; Kalliny, 2008). For example, in a cross cultural content analysis of magazine advertisements in the U.S. and Arab countries, Al-Olayan and Karande (2000) found that in Arab advertisements women tended to be portrayed in advertisements in which their presence was related to the advertised product. This was indicated to be in compliance with accepted Muslim religious tenants (Henley Jr, Philhours, Ranganathan, Bush, 2009). In another research to investigate the impact of religious differences on advertising execution in Arab world Kalliny (2008) found that there were major differences among the Arab countries where Egypt and Lebanon were found to depict women who are dressed less modestly than Saudi Arabia and U.A.E. Developing alongside the literature focusing on the two above-mentioned of the research area is another cluster of studies that explores the consumers reactions to ads containing religious cues or symbols (Dotson Hyatt, 2000; Henley Jr, et al., 2009; Lumpkins, 2007; Taylor, Halstead, Haynes, 2010). These studies tried to shed the light on the advertisement processing through measuring  Taylor and his colleagues research examined consumer reactions to the use of a Christian religious symbol (the Christian fish symbol: Ichthus) in advertising by running two experiments. Their controversial findings revealed that consumers have varied reactions to Christian messages in the secular marketplace and that responses depend on their religiosity levels. The results of their follow-up field experiment with adult consumers indicated a significant Christian symbol by evangelical religiosity interaction on perceived quality and purchase intentions such that the Christian symbol enhanced consum er evaluations and the effects were stronger as evangelical religiosity increased. They have also found that consumer source perceptions of the marketer in terms of attitude similarity, trustworthiness, expertise, and skepticism mediated these interaction effects. But their second study which was a lab experiment conducted with young adults revealed an unusual backlash effect of the Christian symbol on purchase intentions for some consumers and contrasting mediation results (Taylor, et al., 2010). In another study to investigate consumers responses to ads with religious cues Henley et. al (2009) examined the effects of Christian cues or symbols on relevant and irrelevant symbol product ad evaluations. The study indicates that religiosity of the respondent has a significant moderating impact on the evaluation of an ad (Aad, Ab, and PI) that has a relevant Christian symbol Moreover, and possibly most significantly, the interaction effect between relevancy and  religiosity indicate that this interplay combines to significantly affect the diagnostic efficacy of the ad including attitude toward the ad, attitude toward the brand, and purchase intentions for higher religiosity respondents under relevant conditions (Henley Jr, et al., 2009). The finding of this research corroborates Dotson and Hyatts (2000) findings. Dotson and Hyatt (2000) specifically studied the use of religious symbols as peripheral cues in advertising in a replication of the elaboration likelihood model (ELM). In ads for pet health insurance, the authors manipulated argument strength and the presence or absence of the Christian cross as a peripheral cue. Product category involvement and level of religious dogmatism were found to be related to attitude toward the ad, attitude toward the brand, and purchase intention, however, not in the expected directions. Low involvement subjects who were high in religious dogmatism had a less favorable attitude toward the brand and lower purchase intention when exposed to ads containing the cross. High involvement subjects who were also highly dogmatic had more favorable feelings toward the product when the cross was present in the ads. ELM suggests that the low involvement subjects would have responded more favorably  to the cue (Dotson Hyatt, 2000). P 2 Existing studies of advertising suggest that cultural values either influence the production and execution of advertising or are reflected in the content itself (Chang, et al., 2009). religious rooted aspect of culture directly or indirectly influence attitudes and behavior Islamic values and Advertising Rice/almousavi/lughmani/karandi/olayyen/malezi/keenan ramazan/ Muslims consider Islam to be a complete way of life (Kavoossi 2000, Lawrence 1998). Indeed, one of the characteristics that distinguish Muslims from followers of some other faiths is that the influence of religion is very clear in every aspect of the Muslims life (Rice Al-Mossawi, 2002). The Sharia is a comprehensive code governing the duties, morals and behavior of all Muslims, individually, and collectively in all areas of life, including marketing and commerce (Luqmani, Yavas and Quraeshi, 1987). It completely describes the values that Muslims should hold, such as truth, justice, honesty, social obligations, collective responsibility and the roles of men and women (Al-Olayan Karande, 2000). It is beyond the scope and scale of this study to discuss the whole characteristics of Islamic values. But we refer to some of which implies more attention in advertising industry. According to Islamic social philosophy all spiritual, social, political, and economic spheres of life form an indivisible unity that must be thoroughly imbued with Islamic values. This principle informs such concepts as Islamic law and the Islamic state and accounts for Islams strong emphasis on social life and social duties (Fam, et al., 2004). The Islamic law, Sharia, which sets all that one should do, derives from four main resources of Islamic teaching. These resources are Koran (Muslims holy book which is Gods wording), Sunnah (the divinely inspired conduct of the Prophet Mohammad), Aghl (reasoning), and Ijma (consensus of opinion) (Coulson, 1964, p. 55-59).(Al-Olayan Karande, 2000). Islam has not addressed many of modern phenomena such as marketing and advertising explicitly, but its comprehensive value system explicates should and shouldnt which consequently influences advertising content, execution and evaluation. In an attempt to relate basic Islamic values to advertising implications Rice and Al-Mousavi (2002) elucidated these values and their advertising implication. Some of these values which Muslims should follow are truth, honesty, politeness and social and collective obligations and responsibilities. Muslims should keep away from falsehood and deception everywhere in general and in trade and financial dealings with others in specific. They could not tell a lie and should avoid exaggeration. This suggests that advertisers should strive for excellence as an end in itself, in addition to communicating truthfully about products and services (Rice Al-Mossawi, 2002).Therefore Muslims process exaggerated messages in advertising as lie which intends to mislead them. Muslim activities are categorized as lawful (halal) and prohibited (haram) (Rice and Al-Mousavi, 2002) which constitute a system of values for assessing others speaking and behavior as well. Eating pork ,carrion, and carnivorous animals , gambling, drinking alcohol, nudity and idol worship (statutes inclusive) are prohibited (Chachu a, Kucharski, Luba, Ma achowska, Martinovski). Advertisements which portray some of these prohibited elements make people feel offended or be perceived as offensive. advertisement that ignore these implications will not be effective and have the adverse affect on the sale (Michell and Al-Mossawi, 1995). Regarding the globalized hegemonic content and form of advertisements which was somehow contrasting with Islamic values, Muslims tend to the negative evaluation of advertising. Research in Saudi Arabia has shown that over 70% of Muslim respondents think that advertising is a threat to culture of Islam (Al-Makaty et al., 1996). (Keenan Shoreh, 2000). In a global survey of attitudes towards advertising in 22 countries, conducted by the International Advertising Association in 1993,results indicated that: Egypt was the only market where respondents were consistently anti-advertising (Wentz, 1993, p 1, cited at Keenan Shoreh, 2000). Keenan and Shoreh (2000) conducted a research which shows that Muslims think that advertisements present western values and ignore Arab history and customs. Their investigation into the Egyptian main media (Al-Ahram) content in the period of 1975 to 1995 revealed that around 50 percent of items focusing on advertising had a negative, anti- advertising tone (Keenan Shoreh, 2000). According to Fam et.al (2004), Muslims found the advertising of gender/sex related products, social/political groups, and health and care products most offensive relative to the other three religions. Moreover, the religiously devout respondents were more likely to find advertising of gender/sex related products, health and care products, and addictive products more offensive than the less devout follower. (Fam, et.al, 2004). To overcome this shortfall, in addititon to further consideration of Islamic values, some advertisers utilized Islamic elements to produce a favorable feeling among Muslims. For example some advertisement utilized Quranic words to enhance the influence of the ad and make it more appealing to Muslim consumers. Examples are the words Bismillah (in the name  of God; a phrase used by Muslims before beginning any action) or Allahu akbar (literally, God is greater)(Rice Al-Mossawi, 2002). Luqmani et al. (1989) provide an example of a manufacturer of water pumps that uses a verse from the Quran in advertising: We made every living thing from water. In another example a distributor of Royal Regina honey capsules in Saudi Arabia successfully ran a contest that included a question on how many times bees are mentioned in the Quran, along with questions and information about the product (Luqmani, Yavas, Quraeshi, 1993). His work gives an evidence of the influence of Islam in advertising Authors also have reckoned that the most important Muslims religion characteristic is that the influence of religion is very clear in every aspect of live. This influence is fortified in some special time like Ramadan; the fasting month of Muslims. The month of Ramadan is the holiest time of the year in Islam. Fasting during Ramadan is one of the frameworks of Muslim life, along with faith in one God, prayer from the Koran five times daily, charity for those in need, and making the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. It entails a list of prohibitions between the hours  of sunrise and sunset. Beyond the fasting that is central to Ramadan, the entire month is a period of increased spirituality and religious contemplation for Muslims. As a result , this empowered spirituality affects the whole sphere of Muslims life including their consuming behavior and marketing communication. Keenan and Yeni (2003) compared ads run during Ramadan and those run during a non-Ramadan period in Egypt. Findings s how fewer ads during Ramadan, more emphasis on charity messages during Ramadan, and more conservatively dressed characters in ads during Ramadan. According to Keenan and Yeni (2003) advertisers intentionally tone down the way they present women in their commercials. This might be interpreted as a form of respect for the Islamic principles and values of Ramadan (Keenan Yeni, 2003). Representation of Hijab in advertisements In the symbolic space of communication, identities have to be constructed through language and pictures and cultural symbols of identity such as the hijab take on enormous significance (cf.Dholakia and Zwick, 2001; Schau and Gilly, 2003). Relogious symbols, notabely, take on a sacredness that gives them a very strong presence and power in many peoples daily lives. The wearing of religious dress and symbols is an important expression of an individuals religious identity. It may reflect the wearers understanding of the requirements prescribed in their tradition or their belief that wearing this form of dress or these symbols as a mark of their religious commitment helps to enhance their spiritual life. It may also reflect a desire publicly to affirm the identity to which these are linked. This interpretation and affiliation might emerge in information processing among Muslims when they encounter a message carrying this religious symbol. Hijab as a symbolic expression of Muslims clearly symbolizes a womans religious affiliation; it also shapes Muslim womens independent identities standards (Macdonaldi, 2006). Hijab , further to religious identification, functions to perform a behavior check, resist sexual objectification, afford more respect, preserve intimate relationships, and provide freedom (Anderson, 2007). According to Bullock (2000) Muslim women in west who cover their head, see hijab as a way of projecting a Muslim identity and refuting an imitation of the west. Frances controversial new law banning the overt display of religious symbols in school, directed at the wearing of the hijab, brings to the forefront the enormous contemporary significance of the veil as a historically and culturally constructed symbol of female Islamic identity (Zwick Chelariu, 2006). Westerners often regard the hijab as a symbol of backward cultural and gender politics and even fundamentalist extremism (Brenner, 1996)(Zwick Chelariu, 2006), but the practice of hijab among Muslim women is based on religious doctrine. Islam stresses that women should dress modestly and encourages women not to show too much of their bodies in public. Surat Al-Noor-Aih-31 in The Koran, the Muslims holy book addressed the issue of womens modesty by stating: And say to the believing women that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty; that they should not display their beauty and ornaments except what ordinarily appear thereof that they should draw their veils over their bosoms and not display their beauty except to their husbands, their fathers (kaliny, 2008). Scholars have interpreted this Koran passage differently, but most scholars take this message to mean that women may show only their hands and face to men outside of their immediate family (Rice Al-Mossawi, 2002). The guidelines provided in the Koran might not be strictly followed in the contemporary Muslim countries. A range of practices exists among Muslims regarding the times and places -ranging from prayer only to all the time that women are expected to be veiled. This different perception influenced advertising industry among Muslims world. While in Saudi Arabia and Iran it is forbidden to show other than the above-mentioned body parts, in Dubai in United Arab Emirates, Turkey and Egypt, the most liberal outdoor advertising is presented in the European version (Karande and Kiran, 2000). In a content analysis of pan-Arab, Egyptian, Lebanese and Emirati magazine advertisements, Al- Olayan and Karande (2000) found that in 83 percent of Arabic advertisements showing women, they were wearing long clothing, compared to 29 per cent in US advertisements. Furthermore ,Arabic advertisements show women in advertisement if their presence relates directly to the product and if they are appropriately dressed, that is, wearing long dresses and a head covering that does not expose any hair (Al-Makaty et al. 1996). Luqmani et al. (1989) describe how, in Saudi Arabia, advertisers of cosmetics refrain from picturing sensous females. Instead, in typical advertisements (an example is the Dove cleansing bar), a pleasant-looking woman appears in a robe and headdress with only her face showing. In Malaysia, Islam also exerts great influence on advertising regulation. The Islamic principle of covering the aurat (i.e., private body parts) for women and the prohibition of using women as sex symbols in advertising are strictly enforced (Wah, 2006). For instance, the Malaysian advertising code stipulates that female models portrayed in advertising must be fully clothed up to the neckline. The length of the skirt should be below the knees. The arms may be exposed up to the edge of the shoulder without exposing the underarms (Advertising Code forTelevision and Radio, 1990).